Outline and discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as means of Essay

Framework and examine the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as methods for esteeming protections and their hazard. What are the disadvantages - Essay Example In this way each firm needs to tolerate the expense of obligation and cost of value. These expenses are determined through different money related models intended to give an exact examination of the costs the organizations need to endure. There are three models utilized by examiners and firms to ascertain their expense of capital; the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Dividend Valuation Model and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory. The focal point of this report is the CAPM model and an examination between this model and the Dividend Valuation Model. â€Å"The capital resource estimating model owing to Sharpe (1964) is a foundation of present day budgetary hypothesis and begins from the examination of the expense of capital.† (Chouodary 2004) this market model envelops the idea of hazard and goes under the area of hazard premium market models. This model considers the dangers borne by the financial specialist for putting resources into the protections. At the point when a fina ncial specialist places his cash in any security he faces numerous dangers extending from liquidity to expansion and so on. The hidden guideline of the capital resource estimating model is that speculators need to be made up for bearing the hazard as additional arrival. This additional arrival is well beyond the hazard free rate as hazard free protections have no hazard because of their ensured nature. All administration protections are sans hazard as the legislature will repay every one of its speculators and there is no default associated with this case. Subsequently, before really giving you the CAPM condition one needs to comprehend the rationale of hazard and return for example the ideas that make up the segment of the CAPM condition. Hazard and return valuations are the most significant piece of venture choices. The hazard and return go proportionately with one another for example more prominent the hazard more noteworthy will be the arrival. Getting from the rudiments a norma l return is the mean of the likelihood dissemination of conceivable future returns. ‘The expected profit for a venture is the normal come back from the speculation and is determined as the likelihood weighted aggregate of all potential returns.’(Rao, 1989) The idea of hazard and return emerges because of the vulnerability of future results. The hidden factor here is that the genuine return got might be not the same as the normal return, in this manner producing hazard for the speculators. Every single money related resource produce incomes and the hazard of these benefits is gotten from the peril of these incomes. An advantage considered in segregation conveys independent hazard and is viewed as less unsafe when contrasted with when it is held in a portfolio. In a portfolio, resources with various expected return are gathered. The danger of the portfolio is partitioned into two sections: diversifiable hazard and market chance. The diversifiable hazard is the one that ca n be wiped out and thusly this sort of hazard isn't represented in the hazard calculation. The hazard that the financial specialists are truly keen on figuring is the market chance (the non-diversifiable hazard) for example the important hazard which emerges from the expansive market developments. The proportions of the hazard are fluctuation and standard deviation. The change of a stock can be determined utilizing the beneath recipe gave the necessary pace of return is given: N Var(R) = ?2 = ? pi(Ri †E[R])2 i=1 Where: N = the quantity of states pi = the likelihood of state I Ri = the arrival on the stock in state I E[R] = the normal profit for the stock The positive square base of fluctuation is measures deviation which

Making love Essay Example

Having intercourse Essay Is it conceivable to legitimize mass culture a developing marvel of human needs? Is the universe of appearances as opposed to substitutes and arrival of estrangement, turns into another wellspring of alienation? Everyday life can along these lines be considered as a sort of monstrous and continually developing chronicle of motions prompted to purchase, numerous types of Mass culture becomes out of human needs. Numerous individuals treat it as a facilitator from the real world, a method of investing free energy. Certain measures and patterns are for this kind of individuals pillar of regular daily existence, give them a feeling that all is well with the world and self-acknowledgment. Mainstream society can be a bond interfacing individuals with comparable interests, convictions or lifestyle. Then again, mass culture makes numerous individuals own perspectives replaces prepared graphs drawn from papers, radio and the Internet. It is no big surprise that it is a wellspring of distance for the individuals who would prefer not to surrender its dictates. People end up in the results of mass culture, for example, inventiveness goes to a mass crowd. The beneficiary feel associated with others they can share encounters, interests or simply converse with them. The results of mass culture are generally accessible. Media advance them, since they realize that it is a simple method to bring in cash. Plus, mass culture is thought to be principally designed available to be purchased and benefit. We will compose a custom article test on Making love explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Making love explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Making love explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer On the off chance that mainstream society isn't the aftereffect of human needs, how to clarify enthusiasm for her? The best want of man isn't to be distant from everyone else, and mass culture can give it to him. However, each stick has two closures and mass culture can likewise be a reason for estrangement. On the off chance that somebody tunes in to popular music, go to the film on an absolutely business movies and raves elective workmanship can meet with dismissal. Such an individual might be viewed as more regrettable, in light of the fact that it isn't savvy enough to shape an option taste. Popular culture can be a reason for estrangement. In any case, you can't regard it as something more terrible, in light of the fact that it becomes out of human needs. It is the least complex type of diversion, which everybody sooner or later want. Having intercourse with food: So far the buys were related with screw private enterprise utilization. Nonetheless, notably, shopping is likewise a method of demonstrating love. Anthropologist Daniel Miller has discovered love in the grocery store. His disclosure alludes to a unique sort of shopping food gracefully. So those ordinary family unit principally propensities. For a year they shopped and chatted with occupants of one road in London. One of his decisions was that picking the correct items are indicating your family love and care. Ladies stated, for instance: My better half eats gravely, he enjoys bacon, and I get him something more beneficial. Hence, I love him and I don't need him to put on weight’’. Shopping, don't make fun. You need to do it consistently. Regardless of what technique to take indeed you should go get milk and bread to the store. Since it is such a commonplace plugs frequently seem mystical universes and that potatoes jump out of regalia and a canine, a feline and a hamster remark buys their state. What's more, if our reality doesn't appear as though you all are irritating and the ladies gotten together? Precisely so. He is, keen, has a belly, and she knows whats going on and how to improve the world a spot. Ladies do every day scaled down buyer investigate. They inquire as to whether it tastes. Hit something on the advancement and thinking about whether to toss it into every day dietary patterns, regardless of whether snatch or not. Ladies portrayed by Miller are sharp, examine the market, know the advancements and buying procedures. We have a straightforward life. Nonetheless, when we purchase for different pressure is twofold. We stress, regardless of whether it will be sound and snappy .Men frequently guard the way that they detest shopping .Yeah, however take a gander at the keeps an eye on vehicle purchaser. This is simply amok, this procedure may take years. This is such a chase, additionally, once in a while we catch wind of his Mercedes , chase promotion. Miller likewise presents an intriguing idea of irregularity a delights of a bonus. Irregularity is a compensation for the exertion of shopping. This could be a piece of candy, frozen yogurt, most loved tea. Ladies at Miller state they can't send her significant other to the store, since he brings a similar artifact, its buys are not objective. In England, ladies didn't let their spouses to do shopping since they spend excessively. 60 % may make buys just in the organization of ladies, and 66% of ladies completely assumed control over the home shopping. This would fit with the Miller investigate. He likewise highlighted a specific sort of joint buys which are shopping seeking. The main joint shopping is a gigantic field of exchanges. This is my preferred milk, and this is my espresso, I eat just unpleasant chocolate. By figuring out how to perceive the other individual not just her past, her delicate places on the body, yet you additionally become acquainted with her purchaser propensities. In the event that you need to live in concordance. In any case wonderful breakfast will transform into a bad dream, in light of the fact that rather than margarine you will spread the sandwich with the margarine. We are individuals who assemble their personality by item marks, since the manner in which Western development is built. Chandlers keeps the body alive, yet in addition serves to manufacture social connections. Especially fascinating is the connection among mother and youngster. Mill operator says that the youngster replaces an accomplice, who was the subject of dedication and care. Never as of not long ago in human progress, was the kid not all that significant. Moms are bewildered how to choose the menu, what garments to purchase, what toys to pick. Numerous moms do their shopping particularly for their kids. One of the perfect models for human utilization is implanted in the idea of instinctive nature. As such, the kid knows what’s best for him, what and when to eat, when he/she need to rest. Our job isn't to upset him/her. This implies we surrender our fantasies, propensities or even work. As per Miller, toward the starting it was significant divinity. At that point, affected by secularization the spot of god took man, whom thusly ousted women's liberation. Notwithstanding, more strangely, the plan has not been interfered. Commitment and thoughtfulness regarding ladies moved to a kid who has become the new god. End: The regular day to day existence has infinitive assortment: it is intriguing and ambiguous, it very well may be removing or happy. Regular daily existence could occur by some coincidence or it may be familiar and routinized. Your life can be dim or joyful and lovely. Its up to you what life you need to lead. It does relies upon you what kind of life you need to lead, since everybody is distinctive encircled by differing individuals and condition consequently have disparate encounters. Be that as it may, we as a whole inhale a similar air and we as a whole have a requirement for eat and rest. We may have clashing perspectives and various dreams on life in light of the fact that every one of us is an individual unit. References: Rita Felski (1999) ‘’The development of ordinary life’’NO.39,pp15-31 accessible by means of SyD and the web. Henri Lefebvre (2005)[1971] Everyday life in the Modern World,Transl. Sacha Rabinovitch, New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction Publisher, extricate from Philip Wander (2005) ‘’Introduction’’,pp.vii-x and pp.xiv-xvi [full introduction pp.vii-xxiii] and Lefebvre p.187-8 Michael Bull (1999) ‘’The arguments of strolling: Walkman use and the reproduction of the site of experience’’ in Jeff Hearn and Sasha Roseneil 9eds) Consuming Cultures: Power and Resistance, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Macmillan, remove, pp.205-206 [full article pp.199-220]

Why You Should Start A Blog In 2018 ( How To Do It)

Why You Should Start A Blog In 2018 ( How To Do It) Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Why You Should Start A Blog In 2018 ( How To Do It)?Updated On 26/01/2018Author : HBB Guest AuthorTopic : BloggingShort URL : https://hbb.me/2EzeCme CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogWith the boom in the digitalization, starting a blog will maximize your potential. It is an inexpensive way to reach out to your audience. So start a blog in 2018 and unleash your real potential. Here are a few reasons to start your blog today.A Blog Will Build Your AudienceA blog will help you to reach out to your audience. Explore your passion, share your views and your blog will introduce you to the people who share the same interests! A blog will help you to boost your online influence. So create quality content and engage people. The perk is, you are socializing on the basis of your mindset and thoughts. You can even opt for services like Writers Per Hour for high quality and affordab le writing to make your task seamless.Engagement and RapportYour coherency will result in engagement of people to your blog. Building a specific set of an audience will improve the frequency of visitors and hence develop your rapport. Show consistency in your work. Your commitment towards your blog will determine your success. Targeting a specific audience will help you boost your agenda and create your community. Demand for successful bloggers will only increase in 2018 as more companies will adopt influencers strategy to promote their product and services. Luckily, if you have good engagement with your audience, you will be rewarded heavily.Earn MoneyYou can monetize your passion by imposing ad revenue. Google Adsense is the leading enterprise that provides revenue for your blog. Pay-per-click ads can be one of the primary sources to earn money from your blog. Another method of making an income through your blog is by product placement. You can sell your products or endorse other brands and enterprises. Your products can be digital services such as an Ebook or an online tutorial, or physical products that can be shipped to their doorstep. Affiliate marketing also covers a significant portion of the income sources of bloggers.Help PeopleWith the reach of your blog, you can spread awareness and contact people who need support and care. You can provide aid to people in need, raise funds, and meet other humanitarians. Online support groups assist people going through critical experiences and events. Your blog can make a difference and help those in need.Improve Writing And Reasoning SkillsBlogging requires a deeper understanding of a topic. This includes exploration and extensive research. This has an upside, every day you face a new challenge where you broaden your knowledge base and improve your skills. Consistency in your blogging will develop your writing skills and help you realize the style that engages your audience.READ7 Ways Bloggers Can Capitalize on t he Holiday SeasonHow To Do ItChoose A Blogging PlatformChoose a platform to start your blogging, a platform that provides a secure interface and high functionality at the same time. A few examples of widely used platforms are WordPress, Tumblr, Blogger and many more. Among these WordPress is the most popular blogging platform with over 72 Million active users. Its popularity is due to the following reasons:Open Source- Free for all, easy interface, comes with extensive functionality and features.Secure- Constant updates and security checks. Prevents your site from being hacked.Highly customizable- Provides a large number of themes to choose from. Many customizations available.Register A Domain Name And HostingRegister a domain name that is easy to remember yet descriptive about the theme of the site. For example, hellboundbloggers.com is a better choice than hell-bound-bloggers.com. Similarly, the “.com” is more widely used domain than .biz or .tk. The cost of Domain can range b etween $5 to $10 for a year. Web hosting should be chosen keeping the page load speed and the uptime into account. Web hosting can cost somewhere between $2 to $5 per month. Some of the best suggestions for hosting your site will be Bluehost, Godaddy, iPage and Hostgator.Design Your BlogDesigning your blog involves choosing from a number of available themes, installing plugins and making your blog search engine friendly. WordPress provides you over 2,000 professionally designed themes to choose from. Use simpler URLs and avoid spam comments over your blog.Add Posts And PagesYou’re all set to start posting content on your blog. Post relevant content that redirects your audience from one blog to another. This will engage them and give them more information. Post original content and share more profound insights about the topics. Start Growing Your BlogPromote your blog by developing connections with other bloggers in your field. Familiarise yourself with Google Webmaster Tools (GWT) and Bing Webmaster Tools. This will improve your ranking. Promote your blog to your friends and family and reach out to people on social media.A blog is enough to make a difference in your lifestyle, your perception, and your influence on the society. A blog connects you to the world where you share your ideas and connect people who value your views and opinion.Adela Belin is a private educator and a writer at Writers Per Hour. She shares her teaching experience with colleagues, students, and writers. Feel free to contact Adela on G+.

Taking a Look at Childhood Obesity - 1842 Words

What does childhood obesity means? Obesity can be defined as a condition in which the body carries abnormal or unhealthy amounts of fat tissue, leading the individual to weigh in excess or 20 percent more than his or her ideal weight (Health Illness).Obesity in America is an ever-growing problem and has boosted America to the number one spot in terms of obese population. It also stands as the most prevalent medical issue in American Children. In the past thirty years, obesity has affected many different age groups of kids. Preschool group, two to five years in age, and the youths between the ages of twelve and nineteen the obesity rate has more than doubled (Childhood Obesity Statistics and Facts 2v007). Childhood obesity has more than tripled in kid’s ages six to eleven years old. Children can become obese due to many different things like parents or schools. Although obesity may linger for a lifetime, there are many ways to overcome childhood obesity and not have to deal w ith the weight issue. Childhood obesity causes many problems and concerns in many American families, but families need to work together to overcome obesity. One out of three children in the United States falls into the overweight or obese category (Ding). Children face many different problems and issues at a young age because of obesity. Children obesity causes type 2 diabetes, fatty liver because of excessive weight issues, social problems, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders (Ludwig). ChildhoodShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity and Its Effect1260 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is considered to be a serious issue among our youth. Obesity can cause many types of physical problems, which most are aware of, but it can also cause some undesirable internal feelings within children and adolescents who suffer from it. Self-esteem, or self-worth, is important as it helps develop personality and is a major ingredient to our mental health status (Wang, F. and Veugelers, P. J., 2008). Some have said obesity may even have a negative effect on cognitive developmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents878 Words   |  4 Pages Research Paper on Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is overweight and well over the normal weight for his or her age and height. Child obesity is an important issue because the extra weight can lead children down the wrong path to health problems, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes to name a few. Childhood obesity can cause children to become depressed and have poor self-esteemRead MoreThe Childhood Obesity Epidemic834 Words   |  3 PagesWhy is there is a higher percentage of obesity in children than adults? Do school lunches lead to high childhood obesity? Why are three out every child in America suffering from obesity? These are the questions that come in mind when people talk about childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is defined as a sober medical disorder that affects youngsters at a young age and it arises when a child is exceeding his or her normal weight. The obesity in adolescents is increasing because of nonexistence ofRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Is It Being Taken Seriously?957 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article Childhood obesity: is it being taken seriously?† the author, Honor Whiteman, quickly explains how childhood obesity affects children. She goes into detail on how outside influences affect children and brainwash them into having unhealthy lifestyles. These bad habits, that Whiteman describes, lead children into a tunnel that ends with lifetime obesity. There are moves people can take that will allow them to avoid this preventable issue, yet hardly anyone considers them. This articleRead MoreThe Problems With Childhood Obesity955 Words   |  4 Pages The Problems with Childhood Obesity A growing problem in America is childhood obesity which literally gets over looked every day. Children who are obese are more likely to have cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and other serious health risk when they get older. Childhood obesity has increased highly over the generations. In my opinion causes for childhood obesity includes, not having enough physical activity at home or in schools, and food habits, which the parents is in control of whenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Controversial Dilemma999 Words   |  4 PagesIn the discussion of Childhood obesity, one controversial predicament has been that, whether parents are being responsible enough, and are the ones to be blamed for their child’s health, and most important of all, their nutrition. In which they need to be held accountable for their decision making, towards their child’s healthy lifestyle. On the other hand, supporters, and those in favor of this specific idea, suggest that parents, and the newly parenting, has is it that, it must be mandatory thatRead MoreChildhood Obesity Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to impede the epidemic of childhood obesity, the actual causes of the problem need to be evaluated and dissected. Obesity in children is becoming a huge problem in American society. In the past three decades, the rate of overweight children has increased by 300%. This is an alarming rate that is only climbing higher. Every member in society should take steps to becoming healthier. This would help the present generations as well as future generations to come. The lifestyle of Americans keepsRead MoreUnderstanding The Health And Social Needs Of A Local Population1716 Words   |  7 Pagesinterests, a community of individuals with shared needs and trepidations, say a political party or such like and finally individuals with shared social interactions, such as work colleagues or friends (Laverack, 2004). The community profile that follows looks at the geographical area of Newcastle upon Tyne. Using the format suggested by Hawtin, comprehensive research into the needs of the community, and the resources that exist within that community will be carried out with the active involvement of theRead MoreChildhood Obesity : The Overbearing Truth1664 Words   |  7 PagesJayden Sadettan Schlesinger English 131 November 22nd 2015 Childhood Obesity; the Overbearing Truth. â€Å"Childhood obesity is best tackled at home through improved parental involvement, increased physical exercise, better diet and restraint from eating† – Bob Filner Imagine growing up in a household where one can eat anything. Whether an unlimited amount of sweets or entrees. This is happening now. Parents are unaware of their children eating and physical habits. Leading to the whopping amount of $190Read MoreHealthy Choices for Better Living Essay1588 Words   |  7 PagesDoes the media truly influence and play and key role in childhood obesity? Can we hold the media responsible for our food purchases and meals that we as a society choose to provide our children? Certainly there are a multitude of influences in the media and yes, they are geared toward our children. Commercials ran during children’s programming appeal to our youth with catchy jingles, bright colors and actors promoting these products that portray popular characters on our children’s favorite shows

Creating Chinese Calligraphy

Chinese calligraphy is the art of creating aesthetically pleasing writing or tangible representations of the Chinese languages. It can take years to learn the art because students have to master  writing Chinese characters, which is a daunting task in itself, and they have to write them beautifully and with an unforgiving tool: the brush. History The art of calligraphy in China can be traced to ancient Chinese signs and symbols that appeared as early as 6,000 years ago according to Wei Lu and Max Aiken in their essay, Origins and Evolution of Chinese Writing Systems and Preliminary Counting Relationships. However, its modern form didnt emerge until a few thousand years later, between the 14th and 11th centuries B.C. There are seven main categories of traditional Chinese calligraphy—which include Hhsin (pronounced xing), Sao (cao), Zuan (zhuan), Li, and Kai—each with its own slight variations in style and symbolism. As a result, the skill of writing beautiful calligraphy may be difficult for some learners to grasp, but fortunately, there are a variety of online resources for creating and editing Chinese calligraphy.   Although the earliest-known calligraphy-like symbols date to around 4000 B.C., the traditional style of calligraphy thats still practiced today first appeared in Xiaoshuangqiao between 1400 and 1100 B.C. in modern-day Zhengzhou, China. Standardization Around 220 B.C., during the reign of Qin Shi Huang in Imperial China, a standard Chinese calligraphy system was adopted. As the first conqueror of a majority of land in China, Huang created a series of reforms including a character unification that yielded 3,300 standardized characters known as  XiÇŽozhuà  n (zhuan). From that point forward, writing in China went through a series of reforms that yielded a new set of standardized characters and lettering. Over the next two centuries, other styles developed: the  Là ¬shÃ… « (li) style was followed by the KÇŽishÃ… « (kai), which was in turn followed by the Xà ­ngshÃ… « (xing), and CÇŽoshÃ… « (cao) cursive styles. Today, each of these forms is still used in traditional Chinese calligraphy practices, depending on the teacher and his preferences for style and aesthetics. Online Resources If you live in China, its easy to find calligraphers who sell their work or who can create custom calligraphy just for you. There is an easier way, though: tools that convert pasted text into calligraphy using various fonts. Some of the best include: The  Chinese Calligraphy Editor, which allows you to enter or paste your Chinese characters (simplified or traditional) and choose between 19 different styles in four different groups. You can also adjust the size of the generated picture, the orientation (horizontal or vertical), and direction (left to right or right to left). When you click calligraphy, a picture is generated that you can save.The  Chinese Calligraphy,  Model of Chinese Calligraphy, and  Chinese Text to Images Converter, which offer different fonts, though these only accept simplified characters and offer fewer features and customization than the Chinese Calligraphy Editor.The  Free Chinese Calligraphy Fonts, which allows you to download fonts, many of which resemble handwriting, to use on your computer.

Comparing the Arthurian Legends and J.R.R. Tolkiens The...

A Medieval Contest nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In comparing and contrasting the Arthurian Legends and J.R.R. Tolkienamp;#8217;s book The Fellowship of the Ring, it is almost like a medieval contest between the two with many of the similarities coming from the customs of the Middle Ages. A look at the make up of the groups involved, the moral code, the protagonist, the antagonist, the use of supernatural elements and the knightly quest involved in each book shows how alike they are but yet different. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Arthurian Legends revolve around the life of the knights during the Middle Ages. A knight would pledge his loyalty to God, his King, fellow knights and to women in distress. Tolkienamp;#8217;s Fellowship†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The moral code of the knights of the Round Table which was renewed at the feast of Pentecost every year was to: amp;#8220;only fight in just cause, at all times to be merciful, at a all times to put the service of ladies foremost.; (Malory, p.344.) Sir Gawainamp;#8217;s strength was increased for three hours every morning but after noon would decrease. Once when in battle with Sir Launcelot to avenge the death of his two brothers by Sir Launcelot, Sir Launcelot realizes Sir Gawainamp;#8217;s strength is less so he says to him amp;#8220;Sir Gawain, I have endured many blows from you but I see that you have weakened; and then turns to King Arthur and says, amp;#8220;My liege, your expedition can find no honorable conclusion, so I pray you withdraw and spare your noble knights; (Malory, p.373.) showing mercy and fair play. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Frodo Baggins also takes on a moral code as he accepts his role as the Ring Bearer. Hobbits by nature are fun loving and non-competitive, but Frodo says to Elrond, amp;#8220;I will take the ring. . .though I do not know the way.; (Tolkien, p.324) When sitting in the chair of the Guardian Kings of Gordor at the top of Amon Hen in the Seat of Seeing, Frodo sees the world covered by Orcs, Lorien in smoke and Boreningsamp;#8217;s land on fire and finally sees and feels the Eye of Sauron. He cries out, amp;#8220;I will do now

Human Resource Economics for OECD Regime-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Economics for OECD Regime. Answer: Introduction The essay intends to examine the issues associated to pay and performance. The main findings has been csonsidered with economic literature on the effectiveness of pay for performance and how the different types of consideration for performance should be determined based on incentive pay. The economic literature has been associated with efficiency theories which has emphasised on relationship between performance and pay. The efficiency with theories has been able to offer a clear idea of market environment and employees increasing productivity. This has been further identifies with several types of types of the other instances such as workplace cohesiveness, imply responsibility, loyalty and reduces risk of shrinking. The industry considered for this situation has been identified with Australian healthcare industry. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD has been able to publish a health system priorities report which shows that health spending continues to gr ow faster in several countries under OECD Regime. Based on Australias experience of pay for performance the growth in medical sector has been seen to be limited in nature with several scope of improvement at the same time. The Bundaberg Base Hospital scandal has resulted in Queensland government introducing new clinical practice for improvement in the payment structure for meeting specific clinical benchmarks among the clinical units. The deficiency in pay for performance and the measures for improvement of the same has been determined with application of efficiency wages theory (Econ.ohio-state.edu, 2017). Industrys current deficiency in paying for performance Pay for performance (P4P) is seen to be increasingly used to aid the work of health care providers for improving the performances. There have been several evidences on the effectiveness use of P4P implementation which has been seen to be remaining evident. The various types of floors in the program have been further able to contribute to the designing of effective program for complex undertaking of P4P model. In general, the P4P is ideally defined under set of major comprehensible ideas. The different types of concerns for the P4P have been evaluated based on selection and teaching of the test which cannot be dismissed. The sophisticated risk for the adjustment is seen to be the main outcome for the utilisation of resource measures (Ucnet.universityofcalifornia.edu, 2017). Bundaberg Base Hospital is identified as one of the Australias most recognised facility for including emergency care, general medical facilities and community health services with a total funding of $17.77 million which has been allocated for the health facility in cancer care facility. The public hospital is seen to be situated in Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia. The main base of the regional centre for the hospital is identified to take referral from outlying hospitals along with various types of focus on specialised skills. Bundaberg Hospital was seen to be facing political scandal due to negligence of one of its surgeons named Jayant Patel who was seen to be facing charges of misconduct and unlawful killing of three patients along with grievous bodily harm to the fourth patient. The aforementioned case has been identified by government of Queensland introducing clinical practice improvement in payment of the surgeons which includes the scheme for incentives among public hospital employees (Aph.gov.au, 2017). The pay for performance schemes in Australia consider whether quality improvement in physical condition can be achieved with less costly approach of public performance reporting and various types of continuing performance monitoring. The most common way of reporting of performance on various types of health care providers has been seen with using variety of indicators such as hospital readmission, infection rates and mortality rates. The other aspects of the essay have been further able to contract the selection between the subjective performance pay and effectiveness in wages to motivate the workers in a particular market setting. The optimal contract setting has been identified with combination of efficiency wages and subjective performance pay. This has been also regarded with turnover costs in the labour market. Due to this, in these particular markets the total amount of wage payment is seen to be lower and on the other hand the employment level is considered to be higher. In these specific criteria the increase in the turnover cost has been identified with higher amount of social welfare (Euro.who.int, 2017). The designing of incentive scheme to motivate the workers is identified as an important topic in both micro and macro economics. The definite consideration for the sinking efficiency wages has been able to establish the firms for feeding to pay with premium in order to motivate the workers and further serve unemployment as the main punishment device. However, one of the most identified shortcomings of the model has been considered with performance pay in having no role in motivating the workers. The ignorance of performance pay has considered that the individual performance is difficult to be measured in an objective way and the use of legally enforceable performance pay is further seen to be limited in nature (Ahha.asn.au, 2017). Given the situation that both competence wages and the performance pay able to motivate workers, doctors with contract needs to be discerned from the perspective of the organisation. The various types of differing labour markets and the use of contract also need to be evaluated. Performance evaluation Performance evaluation is considered as a constructive process for acknowledgement of the different types of performance of nonprofessional career employee. The evaluation of employees performance is still taken into consideration with determination of performance-based valuation procedure as per the additional relevant factors. It has been further discerned that the nonprofessional employee does not receive any performance evaluation and the employees performance for the period needs to be deemed as satisfactory for the purpose of salary increment. The various types of considerations made for the annual period of performance evaluation for the nonprofessional the carrier employees has been further determined with several performance evaluation techniques conducive with the HR personnel management concepts. The performance evaluation conducted by Baker, Gibbons, and Murphy has been able to focus on optimal mix of use of incentive based imperfect objective measures and perfect subjective measures for performance evaluation. The main form of the optimal mix for incentive has been based on the various types of objective measures and subjective measures. The model has been further able to depict the trade off between the strong incentives from subjective measures following inherently implicit contracts along with the non-verifiable performance measure. The various types of performance evaluation have been further considered with the differences with actual performance and the measured performance. The models of subjective performance evaluation and implicit contracts have been able to make several contributions in understanding the compensation structure. However, these models have been seen to be considered to be consistent with the anecdotal examples of various types of rigorous physical corroboration (Facultysobweb.bcit.ca, 2017). The pay for performance inside an organisation is seeking to be analogous with the various types of theories of market economies associated to maintaining analogous pricing system. The good depiction based on performance evaluation has been further able to include both negative and positive effects of externalities of the employee along with the rest of the firm. The broad depictions under the performance evaluation has been able to closely monitor the subordinates in terms of having a better incentive plan and span of control for better personal management. Paying for performance With particular focus on the health care industry the P4P is also termed as value-based purchasing. This payment model is seen to offer various types of financial incentive to the hospitals, medical groups, physicians and the other types of health care service providers for adhering specific performance measures. In addition to this, the different types of clinical outcomes such as longer survival has been seen to be difficult to measure the P4P systems which usually evaluate the process of quality, efficiency and measuring of the instances of blood pressure, lower blood pressure and counselling of the patients for various other facilities. The pay for performance this time is seen to be associated to the measures of work quality based on employers pay of measure of performance and the healthcare service provided. The preventive medication errors has been recommended with the incentives so that the profitability of the hospitals, pharmacies, clinics and the insurance companies can be associated with patient in terms of safety goals. The review of the medical literature has been further able to state that the pay for performance has been able to bring a disappointingly mixed result. In several types of large incentives schemes the doctors have practised prevention and treatment of chronic conditions. Many reports have been able to a comment that the P4P as an immediate opportunity is seen to align with the incentives along with the improvement in the performance. After the review of the various types of medical literature in 2014, the pay for performance does not change the way the doctors practice medicines. In several cases even a large incentive does not change that of a doctors practice medicine and the clinical outcomes dont improve as desired. The driving force between the marketing models can always be immediately able to fill the vacancies for reneging the promised bonuses. Henceforth, any form of subjective performance pay is not seen to be predictable and the firms need to use efficiency wages completely based on the motivation of the workers. In addition to this, the market with more amounts of jobs, efficiency wages and workers are considered to be useless in providing incentives, as the worker cannot find another job immediately after being fired. This results in subjective performance pay which is responsible for solely motivating the workers. In addition to this, the efficiency wages and the subjective performance pay is not seen to be having any use in motivating the workers. The performance pay to the owners with small magnitudes has been never observed to be consistent in nature. The feature of discontinuity shows that both efficiency with equilibrium and the performance pay equilibrium may persist at the same time but the rationale cannot be selected with plausible equilibrium. The performance is not seen to be available in the first place. The firms are considered to use efficiency wages for motivating the workers which has been identified with positive aspect. The various types of combination for efficiency wages and performance pay has been seen to be related to greater freedom in facilitating the entire personnel management policies. It has been further observed that the performance pays lesser expensive than efficiency wages from forms perspective. This is due to the fact that the performance pay is seen to discourage the various types of factors for shrinking of total waste payment whereas the efficiency wages is seen to include the increase in total waste payment. However, it needs to be further understood that the performance pay may be restricted with various types of moral hazard problem which is based on the turnover cost in the form next incurred the various types of hiring o f the workers until the next period of regenerating bonus. The different types of consideration with the upper bound on the credible bonuses have been further seen to be based on the increasing turnover cost which does not need to pay any premium on the wages. The pure efficiency with contract without any bonuses can be considered to be more acceptable among the workers as this will not lead to warning of whether wages should carry any premium on the positive values. The various types of initiatives for the P4P schemes in health care in Australia has been identified with programs such as general practice immunisation incentive scheme (GPII). The initiation of the scheme was seen to reward the general practice in order to promote, provide monitoring of the bonus payments. The practice incentive program (PIP) is considered as another medically operated Australian general practice which is conducive in ensuring that the workers are meeting the practice acquisition standards. And other pay for performance scheme has been identified with P4P scheme for hospitals. The Commencement date of this program has been seen to be taken place in 2008, which is run by Queensland health. The main facilities of this program are seen to pay for the clinical units within the public hospitals and in meeting specified clinical benchmarks. And the pay for performance scheme in Australian health care is conducive with Council of Australian government (COAG). This council has been seen to provide national partnership agreement on various types of preventive health bonus. The implicit contracts and the subjective performance evaluation with the employment relationship are seen to offer consistent implicit contracts and subjective performance evaluation. Conclusion The main depictions made from the essay has been able to highlight on the political scandal faced by Bundaberg Hospital due to negligence of one of its surgeons who was seen to be facing charges of misconduct and unlawful killing of three patients along with grievous bodily harm to the fourth patient. The aforementioned case has been identified by government of Queensland introducing clinical practice improvement in payment of the surgeons which includes the scheme for incentives among public hospital employees. This further led to introducing clinical practice improvement in payment of the surgeons which includes the scheme for incentives among public hospital employees. The designing of incentive scheme to motivate the workers is identified as an important topic in both micro and macro economics. The definite consideration for the sinking efficiency wages has been able to establish the firms for feeding to pay with premium in order to motivate the workers and further serve unemploy ment as the main punishment device. However, one of the most identified shortcomings of the model has been considered with performance pay in having no role in motivating the workers. The various types of initiatives for the P4P schemes in health care in Australia have been identified with programs such as GPII. References Ucnet.universityofcalifornia.edu. (2017). Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://ucnet.universityofcalifornia.edu/labor/bargaining-units/rx/docs/rx_2013-2017_29_performance-evaluation.pdf Econ.ohio-state.edu. (2017).Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/hyang/contract.pdf Aph.gov.au. (2017).Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2009-10/10rp12.pdf Euro.who.int. (2017).Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/271073/Paying-for-Performance-in-Health-Care.pdf Ahha.asn.au. (2017). Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://ahha.asn.au/sites/default/files/docs/policy-issue/deeble_issues_brief_no_5_partel_k_can_we_improve_the_health_system_with_pay-for-performance_0.pdf Facultysobweb.bcit.ca. (2017). Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://facultysobweb.bcit.ca/kevinw/4800/documents/Person-econ-ch_1to6.pdf

Auditor Liability Essays - Tort Law, Financial Institutions

Auditor Liability Throughout the Eighties and into the Nineties the question of liability has become more prevalent in the practice of public accounting. Recently, the AICPA has been lobbying for liability reform in cases involving negligence or malpractice by public accountants. Opposition to this lobbying has come from consumer advocacy organizations, trial lawyers' associations, and state public interest groups to name a few. (Bolinger p. 53) The key to success for the AICPA, according to Gary M. Bolinger is creating an image as a, "profession performing high-quality services but faced with excessive liability burdens that harm the public interest." (Bolinger p.56) One should not be concerned, however, in the pending political outcome, but in weighing the evidence argued by both sides and developing a sound reasonable basis. Therefore, the remainder of this document shall concern itself with comparing the prevalent arguments of both sides against one another and drawing a conclusion based on the evidence. Opponents of liability reform rely heavily on an idealistic constitutional argument as well as an economic argument to foster their point. The main components of their argument are as follows: Limiting recovery of loss has a detrimental effect on those which are harmed by alleged negligence. The cost of liability is reasonable when compared to total revenues, and in light of a CPA's public responsibility. Indemnity insurance spreads risk in the aggregate therefore removing the element of risk at the firm level. The threat of litigation provides public accountants with a deterrent against negligent work. Finally, the results of lawsuits cause the profession itself to implement new standards. (Bolinger p.54) The AICPA and its supporters have developed their argument based on continued liability's likely effect on the profession as well as an economic argument. The arguments in favor of liability reform include the effect of continued liability on the availability of CPA services. The likelihood of fee increases resulting from liability risk. The threat of the inability of public accounting to obtain and retain qualified individuals. (Bolinger p.56) Finally, the complexities involved in the audit engagement and the subjective decision making process versus the ability of a given jury to understand and levy a fair decision in such cases. After examining the arguments of both sides one will see that litigation in its current form is a hindrance to the accounting profession as well as society, and the benefits provided by litigation are attainable through enforcement of professional standards. The first of the opponents arguments finds it's basis from idealistic Constitutional principal. The notion that those which have been wronged, either directly or indirectly, deserve compensation for their estimated loss is one which first found favor in the case of Thomas v. Winchester in 1942. (Minnis p.4) In this case, for the first time a third party received compensation. (Minnis p.4) The precedent set by this case is the notion of duty owed to a third party-- if it ascertains that a duty is owed then a third party has a right to seek compensation. The case which most directly affected auditors is a case filed in the UK, Hedley Byrne and Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd (1964). (Minnis p.9) This case ultimately developed a situation where a bank passed to its client a certificate of credit-worthiness on a potential client. The business which was deemed credit-worthy ultimately failed, and claim resulted by the third party against the bank issuing the certificate. (Minnis p.9) The finding in the The notion that all parties remotely affected by a given action (or lack thereof) deserve compensation for their loss is one which is embraced by the legal community-- and rightfully so, after all a drastic reduction in the number of claims filed would result otherwise. The argument made in its favor is that all those harmed by negligent activity deserve compensation. Idealistically this is true, and theoretically anyone who makes a decision based entirely on the results of an auditor's report, and suffers a loss due to negligence in preparation by the auditor, deserves compensation. Realistically, however, this is not usually the case. With the exception of banks, whom are approached by businesses for the possibility of tendering a loan, and therefore do not initiate contact;

Australia Macroeconomy Policies 2009

Australia Macroeconomy Policies 2009 Free Online Research Papers Australian governments over precedent decades have conventionally aimed towards including triangular objectives of financial growth, domestic poise, and external poise within framework of single economy. (DORNBUSCH, Rudiger, 2006) Collectively, these trio set of objectives aim towards sustaining nationalized financial growth while retaining inferior inflation as well as limiting the mass of overseas debts and liabilities. Several researches conducted in concerned field have revealed that there is no consistency in level of economic growth though; it is influenced greatly by fluctuations of international business cycle. (DORNBUSCH, Rudiger, 2006) A governmental macroeconomic management is referred as an attempt to minimize the impact of international business fluctuations by controlling demand to facilitate sustained growth together with inferior inflation and unemployment. (BLINDER, Alan S., 2008) The macroeconomic policies, owing to influenced-by-demand nature, cannot be exercised exclusively and thus, are utilized in combination with supply side swaying microeconomic reforms. (BERNANKE, Ben, 2007) Conventionally, the fiscal policies are frequently implemented by Australian government to enhance domestic savings and to control government public debt in order to maintain adequate levels of external aspects and stability together with providing openings for economic growth. (BERNANKE, Ben, 2007) This paper hereby emphasizes on exhibiting current macroeconomic policy settings currently being applied in Australia in addition with suitable policies in the context of expectations regarding economic growth, unemployment, inflation and trade over the next year. 2. Macroeconomic Policies In influencing demand with and economy, the government uses the two instruments of fiscal and monetary policy. 2.1 Fiscal Policies â€Å"Fiscal policy† is the utilization of governmental expenditures together with taxation to sway the financial system of country. (SUESCÚN, Rodrigo, 2007) Usually governments execute fiscal policies to endorse sturdy and sustainable economic growth and diminish poverty. The function and aims of fiscal policy have achieved eminence in contemporary crisis as governments have intervened in markets to shore up economy, augment growth, and alleviate the impact of global financial crisis on susceptible groups. Governments unswervingly and obliquely sway the way possessions are utilized in an economy. (SUESCÚN, Rodrigo, 2007) Given below is a fundamental equation that demonstrates the way in which national income accounting works: â€Å"GDP = C + I + G + NX† In above equation GDP denotes gross domestic product i.e. the value of all final merchandise and services produced in economy. Whereas, C, I, G, NX denotes private consumption, private investment, procurement of goods and services by governmental agencies and net exports during a fiscal year i.e. amount of exports minus imports, respectively. (BARTOLOTTI, Leo N., 2006) The above equation contributes towards development of understanding that governments surely affects GDP by unswervingly controlling G and influences C, I and NX indirectly via modifications in taxes, transfers and expenditures. (BARTOLOTTI, Leo N., 2006) To attain short term goals, government’s centers their attention on macroeconomic steadiness for instance, motivating an ill economy, struggling with mounting inflation, or aiding to decrease external susceptibility on the other hand, to attain long term goals, the main intention is to cultivate sustainable intensification or decrease poverty with measures on the supply-side to progress infrastructure or edification. (BLINDER, Alan S., 2008) Though, these goals are generally common across nations, but their relative significance diverges depends on circumstances of a nation. (BARTOLOTTI, Leo N., 2006) In case of Australia, its current financial position is stabilized by both, internationally as well as historically. Via implementing correct fiscal policies Australian government had gained success in writing off its net debt and has continued its voyage towards strengthening the country’s balance sheet by issuing budget surpluses and gathered fiscal assets to future funds. According to â€Å"intergenerational report† issued in year 2007 by Australian treasury demonstrates that in long term, the intergenerational financial pressures pose unremitting challenges to be faced by governmental finances. (www.treasury.gov.au) The reports also projects that by the fiscal year 2046-47, the governmental expenditure is assumed to exceed income by approximately 3.5 % of GDP. Owing to these assumptions by Australian treasury, the government has commenced strengthening its balance sheet by generating assets in future funds to counterbalance the liabilities owed to former as well as current public sector employees. (www.treasury.gov.au) Source: Australian treasury projections 2.2 Monetary Policies In accordance with the provisions made by legislation of â€Å"Australia’s Reserve Bank Act†, the main goals of Australia central bank is to maintain the stabilization of national currency, economical prosperity, wellbeing of citizens and implementation of essential measures to avert joblessness. (KENYON, Peter D., 1995) The provisions made in above said act makes necessary for RBA to present a report annually to treasury department and to parliament, through which it gets public. (KENYON, Peter D., 1995) As per the statement issued by RBA on monetary policy in Feb, 2008, it is revealed that the despite of tremendous slowdown in worldwide financial markets, Australian economic condition all through out in recent years had demonstrated great results in addition with elevated levels of inflation owing to the constant domestic demand. (www.rba.gov.au) Together with utilization of fiscal policies, monetary policy also comprises measures implanted by RBA to manipulate the cost availability of liquidity and credit with in Australian economy. In order to achieve internal balance RBA sways the level of interest rates using nationalized market operations like selling and procuring of governmental bonds, rectifying scarcity or excess of funds in short term liquidity market. (www.rba.gov.au) The report further states that the fiscal accounts of Australia in preceding year had exhibited economic growth of four percent over year with raise in nationalized demand by five and a half percent which is undoubtedly more than trend growth within economy’s yielding capacity. (www.rba.gov.au) Due to the counter balancing approach of RBA, there has been augmented growth in consumer growth which is being driven by the intensification of household incomes which further demonstrates the elevating levels of employment and actual wages together with decreasing income taxes. (PUBLISHING OECD PUBLISHING, 2008) According to economic indicators, it is revealed that this raising trend of nationalized demand had sustained its pace till quarter ended in December; however the speed of production growth had moderately slowed down as most of consumer demands were met by imports. In the midst of consumer demand still mounting robustly post elongated duration of development, there have been unrelenting signals that industrious capability is over lengthened backed up by a number of commercial surveys that indicates both elevated rates of industrious capability consumption and soaring levels of labor insufficiency. (OECD, 2009) Over the route of the trade cycle, it is anticipated that Reserve Bank of Australia, in the coming future will emphasize on tightening and loosening of monetary policy to prevent inflation dropping over its tow to three percent approximate target range. (www.rba.gov.au) However, according to researches conducted in concerned field by economists demonstrates that to maintain economic stabilization, the Reserve Bank of Australia should manipulate the rate of exchange devoid of modifying current stance of monetary policy. (www.rba.gov.au) This ought to be achieved via procurement and selling of bonds equal to amount of Australian dollar traded over time to maintain liquidity stabilization. (www.rba.gov.au) 3. Impact of Macroeconomic Policies on Inflation, Unemployment, Commercial Expenditure and Economic Growth Australian macroeconomic policies had witnessed a great accomplishment in maintaining the growth of inflation within its pre-specified goals, with the existing rate of price rises, as deliberates through the â€Å"CPI,† at 2.6%, i.e. inside the set range of Reserve Bank of Australia. (VINEY, Christopher, 2009) The RBA’s preventative approach towards aiming monetary policy to hoist the liquidity rate from 3.00 % to 3.25 % would make certain that inflation would not drop more than its target range. (VINEY, Christopher, 2009) Source: Australian treasury projections With regard to unemployment, the sluggish rate of economic growth of early 90’s mid 90’s leaded to high rate of joblessness in country i.e. on an average of 8.5 % though, via implementation of current macroeconomic policies the economic growth of Australia began to gain its lost pace in fiscal year 1998-99 (VINEY, Christopher, 2009) and since then, the rate of unemployment in country had dropped down to the current level of 5.8 % which is at its lowest in past thirty three years. (VINEY, Christopher, 2009) Even though, triumphant macroeconomic policies substantially decrease recurring unemployment, these policies are observed to slightly effect structural side of unemployment thus, consequences in supply-side micro reforms. Nationally, the economy had continued to demonstrate extensive flexibility in the countenance of what has been a very complex global environment. (www.rba.gov.au) The Dec and Mar quarter GDP data, in combination with other data signals on economy, implies that industrious output constricted only discreetly around the ending of last fiscal year, evaluated with retrenchments experienced in most of the other nations. 4. Conclusion It is evident that the macroeconomic policies exercised by Australian central bank as well as government had proved to be victorious in limiting negative influences of demand, but on other hand, these policies are also recorded to have petite impact on the infrastructural issues of Australia. (HART, Jeffrey A., 2009) Due to the state of recession in global markets, the results anticipated in 2008 statement of Reserve bank of Australia were not met but the current monetary and fiscal policies has managed to achieve some of it. (OECD, 2009) Several economists had indicated that as policies post implementation takes at least six to eighteen months to be fully effective to feed through end user and commercial behavior, the current steps taken by RBA will strengthens the business investments, end user spending and will boost the employment rate in country. (www.treasury.gov.au) The present lack of apprehension over the CAD at the moment efficiently eradicates the â€Å"Barrier† to economy growth, facilitating elevated rates of expansion more than rate of 3.75% 4%, placing Australia on the right track toward maximizing economic sustainability. (www.rba.gov.au) This paper hereby had present knowledge on key fiscal as well as monetary policies exercised by Australian central bank to attain a stable and unremittingly improving economy. 5. Bibliography BARTOLOTTI, Leo N. 2006. Inflation, fiscal policy and central banks. Nova Publishers. BERNANKE, Ben. 2007. Principles of macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. BLINDER, Alan S. 2008. Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy. Cengage Learning. DORNBUSCH, Rudiger. 2006. Macroeconomics. McGraw-Hill Australia. HART, Jeffrey A. 2009. The Politics of International Economic Relations. Cengage Learning. KENYON, Peter D. 1995. Monetary policy in Australia: an introduction. Dept. of Economics Murdoch University. OECD. 2009. Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth 2009. OECD Publishing. PUBLISHING OECD PUBLISHING. 2008. OECD Economic Surveys: Australia 2008, Issue 18. OECD Publishing. SUESCÚN, Rodrigo. 2007. â€Å"Fiscal policy, stabilization, and growth: prudence or abstinence?† World Bank Publications. VINEY, Christopher. 2009. Mcgraths financial institutions, instruments and markets. McGraw-Hill Australia. www.rba.gov.au. [online]. www.treasury.gov.au. [online]. Research Papers on Australia Macroeconomy Policies 2009PETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Project Managment Office SystemNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paper

The Asian Tiger Mosquito Dengue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Asian Tiger Mosquito Dengue - Essay Example Mosquitoes in general are widely known insects which are parasitic and transmit diseases among the human beings. Against this background, this essay seeks to critically review the diseases caused by mosquitoes particularly the denegue fever. The Asian Tiger Mosquitoes are distinctly shiny and they have black scales which have a silver white band down the middle of their back. This is regarded as a medium sized mosquito with about 2 to 3 millimeters in length. It appears as if it is wearing stripped black and white socks on its legs. According to Novak (1992), this type of mosquito is very aggressive during the daytime particularly early in the morning as well late afternoon. Between 10 in the morning and 3 in the afternoon, this mosquito is believed to be on its peak period of biting. As implied by the name, this type of mosquito originates from the continent of Asiain various areas such as New Guinea, India, Pakistan, Madagascar, China, Korea and Japan. Other recent studies have also indicated that this kind of mosquito specie is also found in the islands of Hawaii and South Pacific. There have also been studies which indicate that this specie also exists in the states of Delaware, Texas, New Jersey and Maryland. Habitat: The Asian Tiger Mosquitoes are commonly known to favour breeding in natural as well as artificial containers with stagnant water such as tree holes, tires, empty tins, flower pots, bottles and a lot of other disused household cans lying idle and trapping water. Life cycle: According to information obtained from IntroduceSpeciesWHSAPBio (N.D), the egg is the starting point in the life cycle of the Asian Tiger Mosquitoes. It can hatch between a period which is as early as four days to one year depending on the immersion of the eggs. Following the hatching of the eggs, most of the larvae live underwater and they feed on anything that is smaller than 10 microns that is found in the water. It takes 3 days to several

Contemporary Diversity Issues Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Contemporary Diversity Issues Paper - Essay Example Increasing numbers of people belong to both a dominant culture and also an ethnic minority that has often been seen as submissive or lower down the hierarchy of power than the other position holds. For example, an African-American MD or Professor holds a high-status position within society because of their education, job and socio-economic status, but still belong to a race that is generally discriminated against. This type of duality may lead to a paradoxical sense of contradiction within the individuals involved. They "belong" to both cultures, but feel absolutely comfortable in none. An example of this is illustrated by John Edgar Wideman in Brothers and Keepers (Wideman, 1984). The book tells of Wideman, a Professor and award-winning writer and his relationship with his older brother who is in prison for murder. Wideman explores whether his brother is more "black" then he himself is, questioning whether worldly success removes an African-American from the culture that he was born into. Issues related to gender, race, and economic class are also an element of questions of diversity. The at times uneasy relationship between those who seek equality of races and those who seek equality between the genders has caused conflict within both movement. For example, while the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's/1960's, whether the peaceful one organized by Martin Luther King or the more militant one as represented by Malcolm X sought equality for African-Americans, such equality often did not extend to the women involved in the movement. Thus women were often relegated to subservient roles such as making meals and tea for the men who were doing the "real" work of the movement (Crawford, 1993). There is an apparent contradiction and even hypocrisy within the role given to women by men who preached the virtues of egalitarian societies and equality between the races. The striving toward or resistance of acculturation is another dynamic that often pulls apart ideas of diversity. As seen with Wideman, the ability of various individuals within traditionally under-represented racial minorities to succeed within a predominantly white society may be seen as acculturation. But such individuals are often rejected by the cultures from which they sprang, while never entirely accepted by the culture that they now, at least nominally, live within. Often those in the culture who have been left behind accuse the one who has "risen" socio-economically of "acting white" (McNamara, 2006) and perhaps even being a traitor to their race. Such resistance to acculturation is problematic. It seems to suggest that to "be black" within this society is in fact to remain at the bottom of the socio-economic hierarchy. There is an element of despair and self-hatred redolent within such attitudes, but they are very prevalent within a number of minority communities. In contrast, some other racial cultures, such as Asian cultures, tend to embrace at least certain forms of acculturation. Thus the value placed on education by many Asian-Americans enables the children of first generation immigrants to rise out of the often poor circumstances into which they were born. This form of acculturation is not only accepted, but is actively encouraged. However, other forms of acculturation such as marrying outside the race tend to be much more frowned upon. Thus different patters of

Synthesis Polylactic Acid By Lipase Catalyzed Polymerization Biology Essay

Synthesis Polylactic Acid By Lipase Catalyzed Polymerization Biology Essay Polylactic acid (PLA), the biodegradable polymer, has received increasing attention as alternative materials in packaging and biomedical applications. The general method for synthesis of PLA using chemical-catalyzed polymerization produces the catalysts residues which are toxicity. Therefore, the enzymatic polymerization is a green alternative method to decrease this problem. Several researches attempt to improve the optimal condition for synthesis of PLA by using lipase as enzymatic-catalyzed. For an example, Lassalle et al. (2008) reported the synthesis of PLA by using lipase as biocatalyst and focused on the procedure. The results found that immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 60% LA conversion and 55% recovered solid polymer in the reaction working at 60 Â °C for 96 h. Furthermore, Hans et al. (2009) researched to confirm the mild reactions conditions for the ring-opening polymerization of lactides by using Novozyme 435 (immobilized CAL-B) 12% wt. concentration in toluene to synthesize the polymer at 70 Â °C, D-lactide was catalyzed and 33% of monomer was converted and could be isolated a polymer with 25% yield for a number-average molecular weight of 3,300 g mol-1. Finally, Garcia-Arrazola et al. (2009) reported the synthesis of poly-L-lactide by used immobilized CAL-B (Novozyme 435) as biocatalyst for the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide at 65 Â °C could be achieved using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The L-lactide monomer could be converted as the PLA with a molecular weight 12,900 g mol-1 under the condition at a biphasic scCO2/organic liquid system media and the optimum of temperature for the lipase activity. All of these present studies are the novel route to produce the polylactic acid and relate improvement of the new biomaterials. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENT i LIST OF TABLES ii LIST OF FIGURES iii INTRODUCTION 1 Lipase 1 Polylactic acid: PLA 2 Synthesis of polylactic acid: PLA 4 3.1 The conventional process for synthesis of PLA 4 3.2 Process for synthesis of PLA by lipase-catalyzed polymerization 5 Influence of several factors for the polymerization 6 Influence of the kind of lipase 6 Influence of the enzyme concentration 8 Influence of the monomer concentration 10 Influence of the temperature 11 The improvement of process for lipase-catalyzed synthesis of PLA 12 CONCLUSION 14 LITERATURE CITED 15 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Comparison of raw material type and possibility of recycling and biodegradation between PLA and PET polymer 3 Conversion (%) of LA, isolated enzyme after reaction, recovered PLA, and molecular weight (Mn) (Da) as a function of the kind of the different lipase 7 Results obtained for the ring opening polymerization of L-LA in scCO2 with 20 % (w/v) of L-LA and initial water content (aw) < 0.16 13 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Chemical structure of Polylactic acid: PLA 2 2 Life cycle of PLA 3 3 Polymerization routes to PLA 4 4 Polymerization reactions to synthesize PLA 6 5 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 1:2 (g:mL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435 8 6 Molecular weight as a function of conversion plots for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 1:2 (g:mL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435 9 7 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer to toluene ratio (monomer concentration) at 70 oC with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 10 8 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different temperatures with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ration 1:3 11 9 Number-average molecular weight as a function of temperature for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer conversion with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ratio 1:3 12 SYNTHESIS OF POLYLACTIC ACID BY LIPASE-CATALYZED POLYMERIZATION INTRODUCTION Lipase Lipases or triacylglycerol acylhydrolases EC 3.1.1.3 are hydrolase which catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids under aqueous conditions. In addition, lipases catalyze the tranesterification of other esters under micro-aqueous conditions. The ability of lipases has received increasing attention for used as catalyze in a wide array of biotechnology industry, such as food technology, detergent, chemical industry, cosmetic, organic synthesis, biomedical sciences and pharmaceutical applications (Gupta et al., 2004; Treichel et al., 2010). Lipases are produced by various plants, animals and microorganisms. Many microorganisms which are known as producers of extracellular lipases, including bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Especially, bacterial lipases and fungal lipases are most widely used as a class of commercial enzymes in many applications. The important commercial microbial lipases are Achromobacter sp., Alcaligenes sp., Arthrobactersp., Bacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Chromobacterium sp., and Pseudomonas sp. from bacteria which are used successfully in the market with several products names, such as Lumafast, Lipomax, Combizyme and Greasex (Gupta et al., 2004). Moreover, fungi produces the important commercial lipases are Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Geotrichum sp., Mucor sp., and Rhizomucor sp. (Treichel et al., 2010) which are used in the market with many products names, such as Lecitase, Lipozyme, and Novozym 435 (CAL-B). Of these, the lipases from microbial have a stability, selectivity, and broad substrate specificity for cultivation such as an applications by used substances form oil mill wastewater, slaughterhouse wastewater, agroindustrial waste and corn steep liquor (Gupta et al., 2004; Treichel et al., 2010). Therefore, the recent microbial lipases have gained special industrial attention for used as biocatalyst in rapidly growing biotechnology. Polylactic acid Polylactic acid or the short name is PLA is a thermoplastic aliphatic polyester which a synthetic polymer based on lactic acid (LA) and have a helical structure was shown in Figure 1. PLA derived from the fermentation of renewable resources such as corn starch, tapioca products and sugarcanes. Figure 1 Chemical structure of Polylactic acid: PLA. PLA has received increasing attention as alternative materials in packaging and biomedical applications due to PLA is a biodegradable polymer, it easily degrades by simple hydrolysis of microorganisms under the appropriate conditions (Garlotta, 2001; Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). PLA has a high-strength, high-modulus, brightness, barrier properties and good moisture management as a result of its interesting for used in packaging and composite materials for clothing applications (Garlotta, 2001). Furthermore, PLA has a biocompatible and bioabsorbable properties which can be used for wide range applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical technology, such as surgical sutures, tissue engineering scaffolds, absorbable bone plates, artificial skin, and controlled drug-release systems (Lassalle and Ferreira, 2008; Avinc and Khoddami, 2009; Hans et al., 2009). Because of its compost based on a natural substance which make a biodegradability, PLA is to be a more environmentally-friendly polymer than poly ethylene terepthalate (PET) which is derived from a synthetic petrochemical-based materials due to PLA is lower greenhouse gas emission and significant energy savings, PLA avoids the problems related to plastic waste accumulation. The result of comparison between PLA and PET polymer was shown in Table 1. Table 1 Comparison of raw material type and possibility of recycling and biodegradation between PLA and PET polymer. Indexes PLA PET Initial raw material base Renewable plant stock Petroleum products Non-renewable resources Recycling of polymer wastes Total recycling possible Total recycling possible Biodegradation of polymer wastes Total Does not degrade Source: Avinc and Khoddami (2009) PLA products are easily composted or recycled under appropriate conditions at the end of the product life. The Figure 2 show the life cycle of PLA material degrades first by microbial hydrolysis, then the carbon dioxide and water which obtained from reaction became the basic necessities for a new growth and leading to produced lactic acid (LA) for re-used as a monomer in the production of a new PLA (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). Figure 2 Life cycle of PLA. Synthesis of polylactic acid: PLA The synthesis of PLA starts with the extraction of sugars (e.g., glucose and dextrose) from natural substances which used as a substrate in fermentation of lactic acid by microorganisms. Lactic acid (LA) is the starting material for the PLA production process, through polymerization. There are two major routes to synthesize PLA from LA monomer which are showed in Figure 3 (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). Figure 3 Polymerization routes to PLA. From the Figure 3, polymerization routes to PLA are distributed as two processes, the first route is a polycondensation polymerization and the second route is a ring opening polymerization. The conventional process for synthesis of PLA The production process to synthesize PLA by polycondensation of LA is the conventional process for making PLA. This process need to carry out under high vacuum and high temperature, solvent is used to extract the water through the condensation reaction (Avinc and Khoddami, 2009). However, PLA polymer products obtained tends to have low molecular weight. Therefore, the second route is improved by ring opening polymerization of LA which is condensed of water and then converted into cyclic dimer of LA or lactide for used as a monomer in ring opening polymerization. PLA polymer products obtained higher molecular weight than the first route and used milder conditions. Polymerization of PLA need to use a catalyst for supporting the conversion of LA to PLA. The catalysts are divided into two types, the first is the chemo-process which is the polymerization by used a metal as a catalyst and the second is the bio-process which is the polymerization by used a LA-polymerizing enzyme as a catalyst. The chemo-process made the residues of heavy metals based catalysts, such as oxides of Zinc (Zn) and Stannum or Tin (Sn) which are toxicity. Furthermore, the process need high purity monomers, high temperature and high vacuum for serving conditions reactions. On the other hand, the bio-process used an enzyme based catalysts such as lipases which are non-toxic. Also, PLA polymer products can be used for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, polymerization reaction can be run under mild and environmentally-friendly conditions (Taguchi et al., 2008; Lassalle and Ferreira, 2008; Hans et al., 2009). Process for synthesis of PLA by lipase-catalyzed polymerization From the advantages of the bio-process or the enzymatic-catalyst polymerization, there are several researches attempts to synthesize PLA by used enzyme as catalyst such as lipase-catalyzed in the ring opening polymerization. The reaction of polymerization can be set up follow with the Figure 4. In the reactor compounded with LA, lipase, solvent and purge gas which is used for protection to occur of the regeneration of PLA. Furthermore, the total reactions need to control the optimal temperature and reaction time. Figure 4 Polymerization reactions to synthesize PLA. The measurements which used to represent the properties of PLA polymer products are considered in several parameters. The important of evaluations are the conversion of LA, the molecular weight of PLA polymer products, the recovery of PLA and the recovery of lipases at the end of reactions. Influence of several factors for the polymerization Production of a good PLA, must be use a good set up reaction of polymerization. Otherwise, the influence of the several factors such as a kind of lipases, enzyme concentration, monomer concentration and temperature needs to be considered together. Influence of the kind of lipase Lassalle et al. (2008) researched the influence of the kind of lipase for the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) by using the three kind of lipases as biocatalysts. Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) from mammalian, Candida antarctica lipase B (Immobilized CAL-B) from fungal, and Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) from bacterial origin were used in the experiment. The reaction was carried out by operating of LA, lipase, and solvent at 60 oC for 96 h. The performance of the three lipases was evaluated in a term of the conversion of LA to PLA and expressed as percentage (%) conversion. Table 2 Conversion (%) of LA, isolated enzyme after reaction, recovered PLA, and molecular weight (Mn) (Da) as a function of the kind of the different lipase. Enzyme % Conversion % recovered PLA % recovered lipase Mn (Da) Imm.CAL-B 58 55 85 446 PCL 88 12 34 400 PPL 96 2 90 768 Source: Lassalle and Ferreira (2008) The result was presented in the Table 2, using the immobilized CAL-B as catalyst obtained 58% conversion of LA, 55% recovered PLA, 85% recovered lipase, and 446 Da of Molecular weight. For using PCL as catalyst obtained 88% conversion of LA, 12% recovered PLA, 34% recovered lipase, and 400 Da of Molecular weight. For using PPL as catalyst obtained 96% conversion of LA, 2% recovered PLA, 90% recovered lipase, and 768 Da of Molecular weight. From the result found that higher conversion levels were measured in the case of soluble enzymes, but only traces of solid polyesters were recovered in this cases. In contrast, amounts of solid PLA were recovered using immobilized CAL-B, and the conversion was lower than soluble lipases. For the conclusion of the experiment, the immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 60% conversion of LA and 55% recovered solid polymer in the reaction working at 60 oC for 96 h. Influence of the enzyme concentration There are several researches used the immobilized CAL-B lipase for esterification reaction due to its high catalytic activity but it does not propagate in polymerization reaction. So, Hans et al. (2009) researched to confirm the synthesis of PLA by immobilized CAL-B (Novozyme 435) catalyst in ring opening polymerization of lactide. The reaction was improved by adding nitrogen gas into the reactor for protected regeneration of PLA to LA and used toluene as a solvent for enzymatic polymerization. The objective of this study is find an optimal reaction condition such as enzyme concentration, monomer concentration and optimal temperature. Figure 5 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 1:2 (g:mL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435. The first factor is influence of the enzyme concentration. The result was presented in Figure 5, the overall monomer conversion increases when increasing amounts of enzyme. The reaction catalyzed with 25 wt.-% of enzyme up to 100% monomer conversion after 2 days, while the reaction catalyzed with 10 wt.-% of enzyme up to only 25% monomer conversion. Figure 6 Molecular weight as a function of conversion plots for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at 70 oC with a monomer to toluene ratio of 1:2 (g:mL) and use different concentration of Novozyme 435. In contrast, the relation of molecular weight and conversion are represented in Figure 6. The result found that 25 wt.-% of enzyme obtained the molecular weight of PLA lower than 15 wt.-% of enzyme and 10 wt.-% of enzyme at the same conversion due to higher enzyme concentrations have more water which is introduced into the reaction and leads to a decrease of the molecular weight. Amounts of water within the reaction have an influence for the molecular weight PLA polymer products (Hans et al., 2009). The normal of reaction for synthesis PLA by lipase-catalyst distribute into 3 step, the first step is the monomer activation which is the combination of lipases and lactic acid (LA), then the lipase-LA combine with water for extension of pre-polymer and release the component of lipase-OH in the initiation step, the last step is the chain propagation which increase the number of monomer within polymer chain. In any case, if there is a lot of water in the reaction, it will occur the conformation of the other component as free water and a linkage between lipase and water by loosely bound and tightly bound. The free water and lipase-water loosely bound can break the polymer chain in the initiation and affect to decrease a molecular weight of PLA polymer products. Influence of the monomer concentration Hans et al. (2009) studied influence of the monomer concentration by expected that increasing monomer concentration, the polymerization rate and the overall monomer conversion will increase. Figure 7 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer to toluene ratio (monomer concentration) at 70 oC with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435. From the Figure 7 observed at the monomer to toluene ratio 1:2 and 1:3, the high conversion increase and then decrease when the monomer concentration decrease. Exclusion a monomer to toluene ratio 1:1, the conversion is also lower which might result from a poor solubility of the substrate and the precipitation of PLA. For the conclusion of the experiment, the immobilized CAL-B was the most effective biocatalyst with 33% of monomer was converted and could be isolated a polymer with 25% yield for a number-average molecular weight of 3,300 g mol-1. Influence of the temperature Furthermore, Hans et al. (2009) expected that the temperature affect to PLA polymer products in ring opening polymerization as show in the Figure 8. Figure 8 Lactide conversion as a function of reaction time for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different temperatures with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ration 1:3. From the Figure 8 observed that increasing temperature, the monomer conversion decrease. At 80 oC and 90 oC, a monomer conversion does not exceed 25 % in 2 days while at 60 oC and 70 oC, a monomer conversion reaches about 60 % and at 50 oC, a monomer conversion reach to 80 %. In the case of ring opening polymerization of lactide by lipase-catalyst at higher temperature might induce an enhanced deactivation of the enzyme which led to low monomer conversion. Figure 9 Number-average molecular weight as a function of temperature for the ring opening polymerization of DD-lactide at different monomer conversion with 15 wt.-% of Novozyme 435 and a monomer to toluene ratio 1:3. The relative of molecular weights and temperatures at different conversions are presented in the figure 9, at 60 % and 50 % conversion obtained a highest molecular weights at 60 oC and drop off at higher temperatures. Explanation is an increase temperature release of free and loosely bound water which make denaturation of the enzyme. The other reason is a decrease in temperatures also induces a lower solubility of the polylactide and affect difficult to maintain a homogeneous solution. The improvement of process for lipase-catalyzed synthesis of PLA From the study about the influence of several factors for ring opening polymerization by lipase-catalyst observed that the enzymatic synthesis of PLA by use volatile organic compounds solvent do not encouraging due to a poor solubility of the substrates in polymerization reactions. In addition, the high temperature to reach the melting point of LA at 92 oC-95 oC might cause partial enzyme deactivation (Garcia-Arrazola et al., 2009). Garcia-Arrazola et al. (2009) improved the polymerization reaction to obtain PLA by used supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent replacement of the volatile organic compound (VOCs). The advantage of scCO2 is non-expensive, non-flammable, non-toxic, low melting point, low viscosity, high diffusion coefficient, and friendly in synthetic processes. Table 3 Results obtained for the ring opening polymerization of L-LA in scCO2 with 20 % (w/v) of L-LA and initial water content (aw) < 0.16. Entry Biocatalyst (wt%) Time (days) Polymer yield (%) 1 10 1 5.70 2 10 2 9.77 3 10 3 11.03 4 10 4 1.64 5 15 1 3.2 6 15 3 5.16 7 15 5 5.35 8 15 7

Nurse Practitioner - Personal Narrative Essays -- Volunteer Volunteeri

Recently, I was able to take a trip down to Tijuana, Mexico, where I had the opportunity to volunteer at an orphanage for ten days. While at the orphanage, I was able to help build a sidewalk and a garage for a family who was fleeing domestic violence. During my trip I experienced one of the greatest feelings in my life, which was the complete self-fulfillment and joy in helping another human being. I knew from then on helping people and having the privilege to serve others would be something I would want to do as lifetime career. Thus, combining my love for helping people and my interest in the medical field, I decided to research the occupation of being a nurse practitioner to see if this would be a suitable career option for me in the future. As a nurse, you can generally plan when you will work and for how long, but your day will be anything but routine. Depending on the area of specialty, nurse practitioners are employed in hospitals, clinics, physicians’ offices, nursing homes, mental health centers, hospices, prisons, and other health care settings (Nurse Practitioner Vocational,69).As you can see ,n all most all instances this occupation takes place indoors in a formal setting. Also, since this occupation is set in a formal setting you can expect that wearing a uniform is mandatory. Much of these dress codes include wearing scrubs, a lab jacket, and often gloves or masks so that nurses may protect themselves and their patients (Nurse Practitioner Oregon, 1). Furthermore, an average nursing shift is eight hours long, with the option of working a day shift, evening shift, or a night shift (Morkes Encylopedia, 71). All of... ...ion, throughout researching this paper I became more and more attracted to the possibility that I might someday become a nurse practitioner. One of the most important things I learned is that the educational requirements to become a nurse practitioner were much more appealing to me than those required of a physician. Also, I learned that this occupation is one that has employment opportunities across the world, which is perfect for me since I would love to be able to help people all over the globe. Finally, in the future I would definitely consider pursuing this occupation. This career has so many different aspects that fit perfectly into my idea of a dream job. Plus it would give me the opportunity to make a difference in people’s lives on a daily basis, which in my opinion is one of the best career options available.

Buck’s Dilemma Essay

Solution 1 — Classification with the Statement of Cash Flows Buck should present the borrowing and payment activity as a cash flow from financing activities. ASC 230-10-45-14 states that â€Å"proceeds from issuing bonds, mortgages, notes, and from other short- or long-term borrowing† are a cash inflow from financing activities. Similarly, ASC 23010-45-15 states that â€Å"repayments of amounts borrowed† are a cash outflow for financing activities. Solution 2 — Gross versus net presentation Scenario 1 Net presentation is appropriate. Buck may classify the activity as a $50 million net cash inflow ($100 million in total draws less the $50 million repayment) within the financing activities section of the statement of cash flows. Buck’s activities in Scenario 1 are broadly consistent with the requirements for net presentation under ASC 230-10-45-8 and 45-9. Specifically, the draws and payments on the facility can be considered large in relation to the maximum borrowing capacity (Buck actually reached its maximum borrowing capacity before making any repayments). The volume of the transactions is assumed to be large (note, in practice, this determination typically involves judgment and is dependent upon individual facts and circumstances). In addition, the terms of both draws stipulate that all amounts are due on demand; therefore, Buck should consider the draws as having original maturities of three months or less. ASC 230-10-45-9 only permits net presentation when borrowings have original maturities of three months or less. Scenario 2 The activity related to Buck’s first draw and subsequent repayment should be presented on a gross basis within the financing activities section as a $60 million inflow for the draw on July 15, 2010, and a $60 million outflow for the repayment on December 15, 2010. The activity related to Buck’s second  draw and subsequent repayment may be presented on a net basis within the financing activities section. The $40 million draw on September 30, 2010, and the repayment on December 1, 2010, net to zero for annual reporting purposes. Buck’s activities related to both of the draws in Scenario 2 once again reflect some of the characteristics within the cash flow statement guidance. The transactions can be considered large in relation to the maximum borrowing capacity, and the volume of activity is assumed to be large (note, in practice, these determinations typically involve judgment and are dependent upon individual facts and circumstances). Unlike Scenario 1, the terms of the draws do not consider the draws to be due on demand to Buck’s bank. Rather, the first draw has an original maturity of six months, and the second draw has an original maturity of three months or less. Therefore, in accordance with ASC 230-10-45-9, Buck must present the activity related to the first draw on a gross basis because the original maturity is greater than three months. In turn, net presentation is appropriate for the second draw since it has an original maturity of three months or less. Scenario 3 Buck should present all borrowing and payment activity under the Facility on a gross basis within the financing activities section of the statement of cash flows. The draws on the Facility do not have any specific repayment provisions other than the overall expiration date of the Facility as of December 31, 2012. While the activity does have some of the factors needed to consider net presentation, including large dollar amounts in relation to the maximum borrowing capacity and large volumes of transactions (see notes in Scenarios 1 and 2 above), the draws do not have an original maturities of three months or less. Under the provisions of Scenario 3, the only activities that Buck could potentially present net within its statement of cash flows are transactions occurring on or after October 1, 2012. Said differently, only draws occurring within three months of the Facility’s expiration would be considered to have original maturities of three months or less. Solution 3 — IFRSs Under IFRSs, IAS 7 is the primary source of guidance for determining how to present information about the cash flows of an entity within the financial statements. IFRSs and U.S. GAAP are broadly consistent regarding net versus gross presentation. Similar to U.S. GAAP, IFRSs generally require entities to present information about an entity’s amounts of cash receipts and cash payments during a period on a gross basis. However, in certain circumstances, IFRSs permit certain cash flow activities to be presented on a net basis. Paragraph 22(b) of IAS 7 states that cash flows may be reported on a net basis when â€Å"cash receipts and payments for items in which the turnover is quick, the amounts are large, and the maturities are short.† This guidance is generally consistent with the provisions of ASC 230-1045-8. Further, paragraph 23A of IAS 7 provides the following examples of cash receipts and payments that may be presented net under the criteria set forth in paragraph 22( b): a. principal amounts relating to credit card customers; b. the purchase and sale of investments; and c. other short-term borrowings, for example, those which have a maturity period of three months or less. Accordingly, under IFRSs, an entity’s cash inflows and outflows associated with a revolving line of credit may potentially be presented on a net basis within the financing activities section of the statement of cash flows, provided the aforementioned criteria are met. Therefore, the conclusions under IFRSs for each scenario in this case would be consistent with that reached under U.S. GAAP.

Major Sub-Disciplines of Geography

The field of geography is a vast and wondrous academic field with thousands of researchers working in dozens of interesting sub-disciplines or branches of geography. There is a branch of geography for just about any subject on Earth. In an effort to acquaint the reader with the diversity of the branches of geography, we summarize many below. Human Geography Many branches of geography are found within human geography, a major branch of geography that studies people and their interaction with the earth and with their organization of space on the earths surface. Economic GeographyEconomic geographers examine the distribution of production and distribution of goods, the distribution of wealth, and the spatial structure of economic conditions.Population GeographyPopulation geography is often equated with demography but population geography is more than just patterns of birth, death, and marriage. Population geographers are concerned with the distribution, migration, and growth of population in geographic areas.Geography of ReligionsThis branch of geography studies the geographic distribution of religious groups, their cultures, and built environments.Medical GeographyMedical geographers study the geographic distribution of disease (including epidemics and pandemics), illness, death and health care.Recreation, Tourism, and Sport GeographyThe study of leisure-time activities and their impact on local environments. As tourism is one of the worlds largest industries, it involves a great number of people making very temporary migrations and is thus of great interest to geographers.Military GeographyPractitioners of military geography are most often found in the military but the branch looks not only at the geographic distribution of military facilities and troops but also utilizes geographic tools to develop military solutions.Political GeographyPolitical geography investigates all aspects of boundaries, country, state, and national development, international organizations, diplomacy, internal country subdivisions, voting, and more.Agricultural and Rural GeographyGeographers in this branch study agriculture and rural settlement, the distribution of agriculture and the geographic movement and access to agricultural products, and land use in rural areas.Transportation GeographyTransportation geographers research transportation networks (both private and public) and the use of those networks for moving people and goods.Urban GeographyThe branch of urban geography investigates the location, structure, development, and growth of c ities — from tiny village to huge megalopolis. Physical Geography Physical geography is another major branch of geography. It is concerned with the natural features on or near the surface of the earth. BiogeographyBiographers study the geographic distribution of plants and animals on the earth in the subject known as biogeography.Water ResourcesGeographers working in the water resources branch of geography look at the distribution and use of water across the planet within the hydrologic cycle and of human-developed systems for water storage, distribution, and use.ClimateClimate geographers investigate the distribution of long-term weather patterns and activities of the earths atmosphere.Global ChangeGeographers researching global change explore the long-term changes occurring to planet Earth based on human impacts on the environment.GeomorphologyGeomorphologists study the landforms of the planet, from their development to their disappearance through erosion and other processes.Hazards GeographyAs with many branches of geography, hazards combine work in physical and human geography. Hazard geographers research extreme events known as hazards or disaster and explore the human interac tion and response to these unusual natural or technological events.Mountain GeographyMountain geographers look at the development of mountain systems and at the humans who live in higher altitudes and their adaptations to these environments.Cryosphere GeographyCryosphere geography explores the ice of the earth, especially glaciers and ice sheets. Geographers look at the past distribution of ice on the planet and ice-cause features from glaciers and ice sheets.Arid RegionsGeographers studying arid regions examine the deserts and dry surfaces of the planet. The explore how humans, animals, and plants make their home in dry or arid regions and the use of resources in these regions.Coastal and Marine GeographyWithin coastal and marine geography, there are geographers researching the coastal environments of the planet and how humans, coastal life, and coastal physical features interact.Soils GeographySoil geographers study the upper layer of the lithosphere, the soil, of the earth and it s categorization and patterns of distribution. Other major branches of geography include: Regional Geography Many geographers focus their time and energy on studying a specific region on the planet. Regional geographers focus on areas as large as a  continent  or as small as an urban area. Many geographers combine a regional specialty with a specialty in another branch of geography. Applied Geography Applied geographers use geographic knowledge, skills, and techniques to solve problems in everyday society. Applied geographers are often employed outside of academic environment and work for private firms or governmental agencies. Cartography It has often been said that geography is anything that can be mapped. While all geographers know how to display their research on maps, the branch of  cartography  focuses on improving and developing technologies in map-making. Cartographers work to create useful high-quality maps to show geographic information in the most useful format possible. Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems  or GIS is the branch of geography that develops databases of geographic information and systems to display geographic data in a map-like format. Geographers in GIS work to create layers of geographic data and when layers are combined or utilized together in complex computerized systems, they can provide geographic solutions or sophisticated maps with the press of a few keys. Geographic Education Geographers working in the field of  geographic education  seek to give teachers the skills, knowledge, and tools they need to help combat geographic illiteracy and to develop future generations of geographers. Historical Geography Historical geographers research the human and physical geography of the past. History of Geography Geographers working in the history of geography seek to maintain the history of the discipline by researching and documenting the biographies of geographers and the histories of geographic studies and geography departments and organizations. Remote Sensing Remote sensing  utilizes satellites and sensors to examine features on or near the earths surface from a distance. Geographers in remote sensing analyze data from remote sources to develop information about a place where direct observation is not possible or practical. Quantitative Methods This branch of geography uses mathematical techniques and models to test  hypothesis. Quantitative methods are often used in many other branches of geography but some geographers specialize in quantitative methods specifically.